Obstructive Uropathy and Myocardial Infarction Essay

Obstructive Uropathy and Myocardial Infarction - Essay Example Obstruction to urine flow can result from intrinsic or extrinsic mechanical blockade as well as from functional defects not associated with fixed occlusion of the urinary drainage system. Mechanical obstruction can occur at any level of the urinary tract, from the renal calyces to the external urethral meatus. Normal points of narrowing, such as the ureteropelvic and ureterovesical junctions, bladder neck, and urethral meatus, are common sites of obstruction. When blockage is above the level of the urinary bladder, unilateral dilatation of the ureter or hydroureter and renal pyelocalyceal system or hydronephrosis, occur; whereas, lesions at or below the level of the bladder cause bilateral involvement. While obstructive uropathy can occur in all age groups, in relation to the following case study that is about a 77-year-old patient, not all the causes are relevant. Bladder dysfunction may be secondary to bladder neck obstruction. In adults, urinary tract obstruction is due mainly to acquired defects; pelvic tumors, calculi, and urethral stricture predominate. Schistosoma haematobium and genitourinary tuberculosis are infectious causes of ureteral obstruction. Obstructive uropathy may also result from extrinsic neoplastic or inflmmatory disorder (Goldfarb, S., 2008). Pathophysiology: Myocardial infarction generally occurs when coronary blood flow decreases abruptly after a thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery previously affected by atherosclerosis. Slowly developing, high-grade coronary artery stenoses do not usually precipitate myocardial infarction (MI) because of the development of a rich collateral network over time. Instead, MI occurs when a coronary artery thrombus develops rapidly at a site of vascular injury. This injury is produced or facilitated by factors such as cigarette smoking, hypertension, and lipid accumulation. In most cases, infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque fissures, ruptures, or ulcerates and when conditions favor thrombogenesis, so that a mural thrombus forms at the site of rupture and leads to coronary artery occlusion. Histologic studies indicate that the coronary plaques prone to rupture are those with a rich lipid core and a thin fibrous cap. Myocardial infarction is defined as the death of heart mu scle resulting from severe, prolonged ischemia. It usually involves the left ventricle. Most MIs are confined to the distribution of a single coronary artery and are designated as anterior, anteroseptal, lateral, and posteroinferior. Multiregional infarcts also occur. Myocardial infarctions are designated as subendocardial or non-Q-wave when the necrosis is limited to the inner half of the ventricular wall or transmural or Q-wave when the necrosis involves not only the inner half but significant amounts of the outer half of the ventricular wall. The electrocardiographic (ECG) correlates are the ST segment elevation with Q-wave pattern for transmural infarcts and the ST segment depression without Q-wave pattern for subendocardial infarcts. If it is a thrombus, the thrombus typically involves the major coronary artery in the distribution of the infarcted myocardium (K/DOQI, 2004). Subendocardial MI without occlusive thrombosis is related to the influence of other factors,

Eiffel Tower or the Lady of Iron Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eiffel Tower or the Lady of Iron - Essay Example In 1909, it was decided to dismantle the tower however the process never took place because the tower was being used for Radio transmission. The government of France decided to hold a monument contest. It was intended that the best monument will be displayed in the World Fair of 1889. The design for the Eiffel Tower by Gustave was unanimously selected out of 700 monument designs received. The construction on the Tower began in 1887, at first Parisians did not like the Eiffel Tower and considered it to be an eyesore. Most of them wanted the Tower to be dismantled, however, when the construction was completed, the tower became a prominent French symbol. French structural Engineer Gustave received the assistance of two other engineers Emile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin during the construction. The architect who assisted Gustave in the construction was Stephen Sauvestre. The Tower was constructed by three hundred workers who joined 18,038 pieces of pure structural iron known as the ‘puddled iron’. During the construction, 2.5 million rivets were used to join the pieces of puddled iron together. The Eiffel Tower has an open frame supported by two platforms, thus during its construction, there was a danger of losing human lives. To minimize the danger level, Gustave ordered the use of movable staging, screens as well as guard-rails. Due to the precautionary measures were taken during the entire period of construction, only one man lost his life. The construction of the Eiffel Tower was completed in 1889 and the inauguration ceremony was held on 31st March 1889. The Tower was officially opened on 9th May 1889. In 1889, the Eiffel Tower was the tallest structure in France. However, now the tallest structure in France is Millau Viaduct and Eiffel Tower is the second tallest structure. The Tower has three floors and has a height of 324 meters or 1,063 feet. The heights of the three floors are 57 m, 115 m and276 m respectively. Eiffel Tower was not loved by all Parisians and it received much criticism during the time of its opening.